DAYS, MONTHS AND TIMELINES

For my first blog post of 2015, let’s review some mythology surrounding the days and months of the year, and the history of calendars.  Initially this theme caught my interest while doing some research for a paranormal story.

The ancient people expressed their reverence for nature and the unseen forces in many ways, and never missed an opportunity to honor their gods and goddesses. 

 Thor's Fight With The Giants by Marten Eskil Winge

The seven days of the week were named as follows:

Monday - Moon Day

Tuesday - Mars Day

Wednesday - Mercury Day (Woden, Odin, chief god the Norse pantheon)

Thursday - Jupiter Day (the equivalent of Thor, god of thunder in the Norse pantheon)

Friday - Venus Day (equal to Freyja, goddess of creativity and sexuality in the Norse pantheon)

Saturday - Saturn Day

Sunday - Sun Day 

JANUARY – JANUS was a very unique god. He could look backwards and forwards at the same time. Have you ever heard the saying, “eyes in the back of your head”? Janus did one better than that – with an entire face. Which face looks backwards and which one looks forwards? Perhaps he is a reminder of linear time, and that on planet earth, the past, present and future are just one long time line. Janus may be reminding us not to forget what has happened in our past as we prepare in the now for the future. 

Head of Janus, Vatican Museum, Rome - Author: Loudon Dodd

The naming of the months of the year in the Julian calendar, which was introduced by Julius Caesar in 46 BC, is explained as follows:

January: Janus, the Roman god of doors and gates, beginnings and endings. It represents the unique energy of closing out the old and bringing in the new. (Januarius). Numa Pompilius added this month and it became the new first month of the year instead of the eleventh.

February: Februa or Februalia. Around 690 BC Numa Pompilius set this period at the end of the year in ancient Rome as a time of festivals and public gatherings for purification and repenting, when sacrifices were offered to atone for sins. The name comes either from there, or from the old Etruscan god of the underworld and purification, Februus. This was his sacred month.

March: Mars, god of war, was the namesake of this, the first month of the Roman year.

April: Aprilis, aperire, the Latin verb meaning “to open” (as in nature’s spring buds).

May: Maia, goddess of plant and vegetation growth, or Maiestra, goddess of reverence and honor. This was the third month of the Roman year. She was the wife of the god Vulcan.

June: junius, the Latin for the goddess Juno, known as queen of the gods.

July: Julius Caesar was born in this month, and it was named after him when he was assassinated in 44 B.C. Originally this month was called Quintilis (fifth month).

August: Named for the first Roman emperor, Augustus Caesar, in 8 B.C. because many fortunate events happened for him during this month which was previously called Sextilis.

September: septem, Latin for “seven” as the seventh month.

October: from octo, Latin for “eight” as the eighth month.

November: from novem, Latin for “nine” as the ninth month.

December: from decem, Latin for “ten” for the tenth month.

 

Freyja and Heimdall Who Returns Her Amber Necklace Brisingamen

The main reason given for changing from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar was to change the date of Easter, since the Julian calendar contained an 11 minute per year error.

Pope Gregory of the Catholic Church rearranged the calendar in 1582. His creation became known as the Gregorian calendar. January 1^st became the first day of the new year. Most western nations celebrated it, although previously the first day of the new year was in March. Many Protestant and non-Catholic nations were suspicious of his motives, and held out as long as possible. Germany, for example, finally gave in and adopted the new calendar in 1610. Turkey was the last to change over, in the year 1926/27. 

Britain and the American colonies did not convert to the Gregorian calendar until 1752. Up to then they celebrated the new year at the spring equinox on March 21^st. Eleven days were removed by British Parliament from the old calendar – September 3 through September 13, 1752  ceased to exist – in order to move into alignment with western Europe. Russia resisted adopting the Gregorian calendar until after the Revolution in 1917. 

Our Gregorian calendar also has a flaw, if less extreme. There is a discrepancy of 26 seconds per year with the solar year, despite Lilius’ best attempt at synching the new calendar with the seasons. Since Pope Gregory introduced the Gregorian calendar in 1582, several hours of time difference has already accumulated. It is said that by the year 4909 our current Gregorian calendar will be off from the solar year by one full day.

The love affairs of the gods and goddesses often seemed more driven by lust and dominance than by romance. One ‘tidbit’ about Janus made my eyes widen, but by now I should be used to the violent self-expression of the gods. It is said that Janus raped Crane Grane or Carna, the nymph of the sacred wood of Helernus, and then elevated her to become goddess of hinges, Cardea. 

Might this equate to the old ‘power behind the throne’ theory? After all, as god of gates and doors, where would he be without a hinge?

GEMMA JULIANA is a multi-published author who lives in an enchanted cottage in north Texas with her handsome hero, teen son and a comical dog. She loves making new friends and hearing from readers. Exotic coffee and chocolate fuel her creativity. You can buy Gemma’s books on Amazon and visit her website http://www.gemmajuliana.com or follow on Twitter @Gemma_Juliana: https://twitter.com/gemma_juliana

Women and Marriage...

Arranged Marriage – Marriage of Convenience – Marriage for Love

There’s been a lot of talk recently about women’s rights, and how we must not lose the ground we’ve gained.

As romance authors, we deal in marriage and ‘matters of the heart’ on a regular basis. In our times, we equate marriage with love and personal choice. But, things have not always been so pleasant for women in the marriage department.

Long ago, many cultures worshiped the great Mother Goddess. She was found all over ancient Europe and known by many names – Venus von Willendorf, Cybelle, and Anu/Danu – to name a few. Goddesses appearing more recently, in the Greek, Irish, Norse and Roman traditions, were often depicted as vibrant, outspoken, free women who were in all ways equal – if not superior – to their male counterparts.

That being said, I've always sensed a darker story attached to Persephone’s abduction. The beautiful young goddess was taken against her will to the Underworld by Hades. She is held captive in the dark, away from the beauty and light of the free world, at the mercy of a man she doesn’t love. Temporary freedom is always contingent upon her return to his dark world. It is the story of the disempowerment of a goddess. 

Some ancient societies respected women more than others. In Ireland between the 7th to 17th Centuries, Brehon law existed. It allowed women more freedom and property rights than most European women enjoyed at the time. A woman could choose her own husband, and decide to divorce him. She was often able to keep her property, and the wealth accumulated during the marriage was split between marriage partners.

The irony is that in the 800s and 900s, Viking raiders invaded Ireland and kidnapped Irish women to sell off as slaves in faraway Muslim countries. Between the Barbary pirates of North Africa and Viking warriors, the coastlines of Ireland and England were frequently plundered. Men, women and children were taken captive and sold into servitude as slaves on the auction blocks of Africa. They were treated as sexual pawns and pack animals. Slavery was a thriving business in those days.

The harsh reality of life in Victorian England one hundred and fifty years ago is that it wasn’t much different from slavery. Florence Fenwick Miller, a midwife who lived from 1854-1935, declared the plight of Victorian women was little more than legal slavery, where a woman was entirely dependent on the whims of a man for decent treatment. A woman’s husband, father, or brother was like her master. She had no say in who she would marry, and any family fortune she inherited became her husband’s property – along with her – no matter how he treated her.

Of course there are exceptions -- there always are -- but few women enjoyed them.

One of the greatest advantages for women in our modern western world is our right to choose our husbands. Most of us marry for love, but some marry for financial reasons, a particular lifestyle, or even to gain entry to a country otherwise off limits. Even then, the woman chooses her mate. And taking this to another level, she can decide to marry another woman now, or live together without marriage, or to remain alone.

The daughters of immigrants from countries where marriage is still traditionally arranged – such as India – have a challenging task. They must often seek a way to juggle old cultural traditions and family expectations with their new world lifestyles. 

We’ve come such a long way. We can pursue love on our terms. 

Please share your thoughts and stories with us today.